This method involves the visual observation of the surface of a test object to evaluate the presence of surface discontinuities such as corrosion, misalignment of parts, physical damage and cracks. Visual testing can be done by looking at the test piece directly, or by using optical instruments such as magnifying glasses, mirrors, borescopes and computer-assisted viewing systems.

Also known as Dye Penetrant Testing is a non-destructive testing technique that makes use of capillary forces to uncover the cracks or pores present on the surface of the material. It can inspect surface-breaking drawbacks like cracks, laps, porosity cracks, quench cracks, fatigue cracks, grinding cracks, overload cracks, and impact fractures.

Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI), also known as Magnetic Testing (MT), is one of the most commonly used non-destructive testing methods for detecting surface and shallow sub-surface defects in welds, castings and forged ferromagnetic materials including steel, cobalt, iron, and nickel.

UT uses ultrasonic high-frequency waves that are passed through different substances to find flaws or detecting variations in them. Ultrasonic testing applications can utilize frequencies up to 50 MHz but mostly these frequencies are limited to 1 to 5 MHz in these applications. The advantages of ultrasonic waves are that they are used for UT testing to determine the thickness of an object when assessing the corrosion level in the pipelines.

(RT) makes use of X-ray or gamma radiation to create images that can show defects hidden inside the material. This technology is widely used to ascertain material integrity of welds, castings, piping, machined parts, pressure vessels and other objects. The method is fully non-destructive and surface preparation of the test piece usually isn't necessary. In many cases, RT can also be used to inspect industrial installations that are in operation. 

RTFI is the analysis of the shadow image formed on the film by radiation transmission pattern of the test specimen. The image is evaluated in terms of internal and external discontinuities of the specimen. Supporting information such as radiography test parameters, part geometry etc.

ECT is a no contact method for the inspection of metallic parts. Eddy currents are fields of alternating magnetic current that are created when an alternating electric current is passed through one or more coils in a probe assembly. When the probe is linked with the part under inspection, the alternating magnetic field induces eddy currents in the test part. Discontinuities or property variations in the test part change the flow of the eddy current and are detected by the probe in order to make material thickness measurements or to detect defects such as cracks and corrosion.

Helium detection works in the following way: the unit being checked is either pressurised from within or else pressured from without with helium. The gas from any potential leaks is collected and pumped into the mass spectrometer for analysing, and any value above the background trace of helium is evidence of a leak. The spectrometer itself works in the following way: any helium molecules sucked into the spectrometer will be ionized, and these helium ions will then “fly” into the ion trap where the ion current is analysed and recorded. Based on the ionization current the leak rate is then calculated.

Thermography Testing involves visualization of heat radiations from an object and the method is a non contact inspection technique. It is also simply called as IR – Infrared Thermography, Thermal Imaging technique or Thermography.

 Infrared Thermography Sensors capture Infrared radiation from any object which is above absolute zero temperature (-273.15°C), and displays on screen as - heat distribution images, any defective areas emits more heat due to more heat distribution around the defects. 

 Industrial Fire Safety is the set of practices intended to reduce the destruction caused by fire. Industrial Fire Safety measures include those that are intended to prevent ignition of an uncontrolled fire, and those that are used to limit the development and effects of a fire after it starts. 

 It ensures welded joints meet required levels of quality and are fit for purpose. A range of welding inspection techniques may be applied, depending on factors such as joint configuration, specific defects of interest, material type/thickness and whether in shop or on site. 

  3D printing or additive manufacturing is the construction of a three-dimensional object from a CAD model or a digital 3D model. It can be done in a variety of processes in which material is deposited, joined or solidified under computer control with material being added together (such as plastics, liquids or powder grains being fused), typically layer by layer.